史蒂芬·道格拉斯

史蒂芬·道格拉斯 (Stephan Arnold Douglas) 生于1813年4月23日

　　人们叫他「小巨人」。虽然他的身材比较矮小，但是史蒂芬·道格拉斯在国会里的影响力却很大，所以才有这个外号。道格拉斯于1813年4月13日出生在 佛蒙特的 布兰登 (B randon) 地区。他曾担任过美国 众议员、 参议员，以及 总统候选人。 　　道格拉斯在20岁的时候搬到 伊利诺州。 他在那里很快就成为 民主党的领袖，并且接连担任众议员与参议员。 　　道格拉斯支持美国扩张领土。对于某些敏感议题，例如将奴隶制度带到新领土上，他都是负责谈判协商的领导者。当 堪萨斯被纳入美国的一州时，道格拉斯希望通过普选，而不是让国会来决定该州是否能够蓄奴。当时的美国总统 詹姆斯·布坎南 (James Buchanan) 十分反对道格拉斯的看法，所以通过各种方式让道格拉斯无法连任。但是道格拉斯最后还是赢得伊利诺州选民的青睐。

人物生平

史蒂芬·道格拉斯 (Stephan Arnold Douglas) 生于1813年4月23日

　　人们叫他「小巨人」。虽然他的身材比较矮小，但是史蒂芬·道格拉斯在国会里的影响力却很大，所以才有这个外号。道格拉斯于1813年4月13日出生在佛蒙特的布兰登 (Brandon) 地区。他曾担任过美国众议员、参议员，以及总统候选人。 　　道格拉斯在20岁的时候搬到伊利诺州。他在那里很快就成为民主党的领袖，并且接连担任众议员与参议员。 　　道格拉斯支持美国扩张领土。对于某些敏感议题，例如将奴隶制度带到新领土上，他都是负责谈判协商的领导者。当堪萨斯被纳入美国的一州时，道格拉斯希望通过普选，而不是让国会来决定该州是否能够蓄奴。当时的美国总统詹姆斯·布坎南 (James Buchanan) 十分反对道格拉斯的看法，所以通过各种方式让道格拉斯无法连任。但是道格拉斯最后还是赢得伊利诺州选民的青睐。 　　在1858年的参议员选举中，民主党的史蒂芬·道格拉斯与共和党的亚伯拉罕·林肯共同竞争一个席位。林肯与道格拉斯进行了七次辩论，也就是现在我们熟知的「林肯－道格拉斯大辩论」 (Lincoln-Douglas Debates) 。虽然道格拉斯最后赢得胜利，但是在1860年总统大选时，两人再度捉对厮杀，因为得到全国人民的支持，林肯当选为美国总统。 　　原文： 　　People called him the "Little Giant." Though short in stature, Stephen A. Douglas was very influential in Congress, thus earning his nickname. Born in Brandon, Vermont, on April 23, 1813, Douglas was a U.S. representative, senator, and presidential candidate. 　　Douglas settled in Illinois at the age of 20. There he quickly established himself as a leader in the Democratic Party, first in the House of Representatives and then the U.S. Senate. 　　Douglas supported the expansion of U.S. territory. He became a leader in the effort to negotiate the sensitive issues regarding the spread of slavery into the territories. When Kansas was to be admitted as a state, Douglas wanted a popular election and not a congressional decision to determine whether it would be a slave or free state. President James Buchanan was so strongly opposed to Douglas’s point of view that he worked to block Douglas’s reelection. But Douglas remained popular with Illinois voters. 　　In the Senate campaign of 1858, Democrat Stephen Douglas ran against Republican Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of seven debates, known today as the Lincoln-Douglas debates. Douglas won that election, but the national publicity that Lincoln received led to his victory when he ran against Douglas a second time in the 1860 presidential election.

Senatorial Career

　　He was admitted to the bar at Jacksonville, Ill., in 1834. After holding various state and local offices he became a U.S. Representative in 1843, and from 1847 until his death was a U.S. Senator. In the Senate, Douglas was made chairman of the Committee on Territories, an all-important post in the next decade because of the growing battle over the issue of slavery in the territories. For the Compromise of 1850 , Douglas drafted the bills instituting territorial government in New Mexico and Utah, whose citizens were left free to act for themselves on all subjects of legislation (including slavery) not inconsistent with the Constitution. This was the essence of Douglas’s doctrine of popular sovereignty (a phrase he coined later, in 1854), or Squatter Sovereignty, as its opponents contemptuously called it. 　　In the early 1850s, when expanding settlement and the great desire for a transcontinental railroad to the Pacific focused attention on the Nebraska region, Douglas proposed a bill in which, as in New Mexico and Utah, all questions of slavery were left to the residents of the new territory. A conference of leaders changed the bill to provide for two territories rather than one, and in this form the Kansas-Nebraska Act became law in 1854. Douglas believed that popular sovereignty would unite the northern and southern wings of the Democratic party and at the same time settle the slavery issue peacefully. But he had not foreseen the bitter contest that would develop between proslavery and Free-State settlers in Kansas . In his report on the Kansas situation he blamed the organized interference of interests outside the territory for the failure of popular sovereignty. 　　When James Buchanan decided to support the proslavery Lecompton Constitution, on which only the proslavery forces in Kansas had voted, Douglas rebelled and in one of his major speeches denounced both the Lecompton Constitution and Buchanan, whom he had formerly supported. It was a courageous and spectacular stand, but his enemies held, unfairly, that Douglas was motivated by political expediency, for he was coming up for reelection in 1858.

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates

　　In the 1858 Illinois campaign the "Little Giant," as his admirers called him, was pitted against Abraham Lincoln . The contest was made memorable by the Lincoln-Douglas debates, which first gained Lincoln a national reputation. Of the seven debates, the second, held at Freeport on Aug. 27, 1858, had the most important consequences. There Lincoln shrewdly put to Douglas a question exposing the inconsistency between Douglas’s doctrine of popular sovereignty and the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in the Dred Scott Case— "Can the people of a United States Territory, in any lawful wayu2009…u2009exclude slavery from its limits prior to the formation of a State constitution?" Had Douglas answered no, in line with the Dred Scott decision, he would have offended many of his constituents and doubtless lost his seat in the Senate. As it was, he replied that people of a territory could exclude slavery, since that institution could not exist for a day without local police regulations and these could be legislated only with their approval. 　　The Republicans won a popular majority in the ensuing election, but the Democrats controlled the legislature, and Douglas was returned to the Senate. However, his Freeport doctrine, as his answer to Lincoln’s question was styled, had made him anathema to Southern Democrats. Since they controlled the Senate, he was relieved of the chairmanship of the Committee on Territories.

Presidential Campaign and After

　　The Democratic national convention at Charleston, S.C., in 1860 adopted Douglas’s recommendations in a platform advocating nonintervention with slavery in the territories; the demands of William L. Yancey that the federal government protect the institution were thus rejected, and Yancey and other Southern delegates withdrew. Although Douglas led on all 57 ballots taken there for the presidential nomination he was unable to muster the necessary two-thirds of the vote, and the convention adjourned. Reconvening at Baltimore, the Democrats finally chose him only after more Southern delegates withdrew to nominate their own candidate, John C. Breckinridge. Douglas won only 12 electoral votes, although he stood second to the victorious Lincoln in the popular count. 　　In the following months Douglas worked hard to effect a compromise between the sections; when that failed and the Civil War broke out, he vigorously supported Lincoln. One of the greatest orators of his day, he made a speaking tour to rally the people of the Northwest in the crisis, but after an eloquent speech at Springfield, he was stricken with typhoid fever and died. Douglas’s reputation suffered with the growth of the Lincoln legend. In recent years, however, historians have asserted that he was one of the few men of pre-Civil War era with a truly national vision, and this was both the basis for his honorable attempts to reconcile differences and for his ultimate political failure, because the age was essentially one of bitter sectional controversy.